1
2
  -2024
.. 
 
(     )
: 3     :75
:    -             
           
-
1.            
     
2.             
       ?
-
3.   
 ?        
4.   -   ?   ,     
   
2
2
-
5.(a)               
 
()     
6.()      
()            
 -
7.              
      
8.               
          
3
2
 -2024
.. 
 
(     )
: 3     :75
:    -             
           
-
1.            
     
:     
         ,      
     ,        
  -   , ,     
           :
1. 
              
,              
       , ,        

:          , , 
   '            
 
 
4
2
2.  
                
              
         
:       '      
 
         ,         
       
3.  
              ,
 
      -,       
:           ,   
   ,    ,          
   
4.  
               
        ,      
e:               ,   
   ,        -  
5.  
           
    
          
:        -    
  ,
     -        

      
           ,  
              , 
        
 
1.    
  ,              
       
       
5
2
:            
 , 
           
 
2.    
 
   -          
,     '    ,        
 
:           ,     
   
,        
3.    
 
      
         ,  
         ,      
     
:         ,      
    
      '       
4.      
              
      
:        ,       
       
5.   
 
      ,           
,               
:  -      , 
,    -         
6.       
     
        ,  
 ,     
:        
       
  ,             
 
6
2
7.       
         ,       
  
             
:  -          
   ,             
8.     
             
            

:             
     

            
  , ,  ,        ,
            
  ,  ,       
       
 
             ,   
               
  ,           ,   
  
2.             
       ?
:         
          
    
  
 ,  
 ,  
 ,      
         ,       
        ,        ,
  -    -  '     
 
7
2
   
  -    '   ' -     
:
1.    ' 
          '  
()   
    ,          
  :
   :  ,  ,  ,  
    : , 
, , 
 :,   , 
 : ,    , 
()  
              :

    :, , , 
  : ,  ,  
 :  , ,  
()   
              :
 : ,  ,  
   :  ,   ,   
()  
    
     :
-  :,  ,  
 : ,  
    :-, ,  
(e)    
        
     :
8
2
  : , , 
 :  ,  ,  
  :  ,  
2.      ' 
    '             

(a) 
 
               '  

:, , ,     
()     
            
 
:,  ,  ,    
(c) - 
    ,   ,       
:  ,  ,     
3.    ' 
    '         
(a)  
           
: ,  ,       
()  
    '         

:,   , - 
         
         -       
                
  :
9
2
1.   
     ,        
    :
      ?
    ?
         ?
 ,       
 ,     
    ,        ,     
     
2.   
                
      :
:         ,   
    
 :      
 
  :     '       

 ,          ,    
      
3.   
             
-        
    (  - ) '  
     -    
 ,            
    
4.  
-             
,        '    

10
2
        LED    
 ,  -          
 
5.   
            
      
     
 
 ,             
       
6.   -  
          
         
        
      '     
 ,      -   
     
7.  
   ,        
             

    -  -   
          
 ,        
     

8.       
           
 
       
   -    
      
11
2
 ,  ' 10-      1-     
  
9.  
             
-    
 
        
           
 ,              
      

        
 ,    
  
   ,       '    
      , ,  ,   -  
  '               ,
     -     
      ,       
    ,   
          
  -     
-
3.   
 ?        
:       
-
                 ,
   
          24   , 

               
       -        ,
            
        
    - 
    ,      ,     
                
12
2
  
 ?
                

 :
1.  
 
                
        ,  
     
    
 ,            

 ,                

2.    
 
 
      ,  
        
  
          
 ,             
,       -     
 
3.       
                
       
   
      

      
 ,             
               
4.     
 
       ,  
     
      , 
       
     
 ,             

,            
5. -  
 
      , ,        
            ,   
 
 
         
13
2
 ,     ,           ,
 -      
6. -      
 
      ,  
      
             
 ,      '  -    , 
     -    
    
       ,          
    ,     - '   
 
1.    
              
                 ,
        
        
              
     
 
:            
          
2.    
     
           '
      
              :
   -    
   
-       
   
-     
      -     
:           ,
     -    
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3.  
       
      
   
          
  
         
    
:     ,          
      
4.    
             
       
 ,  ,      
 
   
      
-    
 
:             
 
5.  
          25-      , 
     
      
      
      
:   '          25    
     5      
6. 
       '      
 
   
 
    
 
15
2
     
 
:    -         ' 
  
7. -  
-          -   
  :
-  
    
-    
:         ,     
           
8.     
            ,  :
  -   
 - -  '     
   --   
:      -        
 

        , -     
          , ,  ,
        , 
       
 
4.   -   ?   ,     
   
:   - ,   , ,     
                 
, ,         , ,    
16
2
        ,     ,  , 
     
 , 
  - ,   ,     
          
  
     :
1.  
               
     
    ,          
2.  
        ,       
   
     ,         
 
3.  
    , ,      
    '  , ,      
4.  
             
    
         

  
       ' -       :
1.    :
  -         

 - 
 
       
 - ,         
-          
17
2
 -,         
2.    :
     -      
    -    '    
  -    
 
  - ,        
3.    :
 -   ,  ,  
  -     -
  -    ,      
 -        
4.    :
   - , ,     
 -        
  - - ,   ,   
 
 -        
  
     ' -        :
   :
  
 
     
-   
   :
    

    

18
2
    
   :
      
 
     
  
   :
      
    
    
      
   
              
    :
1.  

   7-9   
  
  
 -   (   '   )
    ,     
2.   
      ,     
    ,         
      
      , 
        
3.   '  
, ,         
   ,        
    
      
 
19
2
4.     
 
        ,   45     
          
,  ,      
5.    
             
        
         
6.       
            
 
   ,      
7.  '   
         ,     
          
     ,     

    ,            
                
     ,  
    ,   
   ,             

      
;   ,   
        , 
   
,      
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-
5.()           .    
 
()     
: ()   ,     
                    
                 
        ,   
 
 
       
                  
 :
1.  
2.  
3.  
4.  
5. 
6.  
7.  
8.   
9.   
10.  ( ,  ,  ,  )
    
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    
                   
           
1.   
     :
 
              

  (   )        
     
 
                
    
    
 
            

     
 
               
     
     
  
                  
        
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 :       
 :        
  ( ):       
 :       
     (  )
       :
1.    (  )
             

            
    
       
 
    
2.   (  )
               
   
           
    
      -
             
   
 
  
    :
1.  
   -             
    

2.      
              

              
3. - 
         
  
  
4.    
               
          
23
2
5.   -
   -        
    
   ?
                 
 SA  ( )    SA        
        
       72     
 

      :
   ()           
   ()          
            

              
    
                  
           -  
  
 ,        
 
        ,  ,    
         
 
  

 
     
 
     
 
      
 
        
24
2
  


      
SA 
     
 
            24/7     
 ,   
            , 
    
       
   ,      !
()     
:     
          -   ,   
             ,  
                
 : ,     ,       
                ,  
,               
      
1.   ?
           -      
             
         ,     , 
-          
:
          ()  -  (  )
       
  :
  ,     
   
     
         
25
2
        :
o   ( ):    
o   ( ):   ,  
      
o   ( ):       
  :
  -       
       
        
2.   ?
         -        
  -     
     
         ,      -
   
:
        -   -     
      ()   
 
  :
      
    '    
        ,       
   
             
  :
         
  -      -  
           
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3.      



   

 
 
  
    (
  )
    
(   )
  
  
   
 


  
  

 
 

    
  
4.    

     ?
   
 
     ,     
    
  ,        ,  
              
:
    -  ,      
          
5.         
    ?
          ,     ,  
       
         ,      (,
  )       
6.       ?
,         
       '  
       
   
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2
    

             ,  
           -  
   ,  -     
   
            
  
                
         
6.()      
()            
:    -     
             ,  
            ,     
           ,   , ,  
   
  ,            
    
 ,         , 
 
             
 --  
1.   
         :
1. -    
2. -   
  
3. -     
4. -        
5. -      - 
2.   -- 
1.        (   )
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       ,          :
 ():  -     ,   
    
 :    ,      
    ()        
:  (        )    
      
:    
        
   

 ,  
            

      
2.  -   ()
      ,        
     
; ,       
       
     esophageal sphincter   ,   
   
:       ;   
       
3.  -   ( )
               
        :
o   (HCl)-       

 
o  -           
   ,     
 ,   -
         
         
 
:           
 , 
      
 
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4.   -      
   6              
      :
1. -    
2. -        
3. -    
   
  ( ):  ,     
  
 ( ):        
   (  ):    
:                
 ,       
5.       
    
       
   
     
 ,         
,               
   -     
:      ,         
 
6.   -    -  
          
,     ,      - ()   

             
    
-           
   
:         ,      
 
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3.    
   ,        :
1. -    ,       
2.  -     ,       
   
3.   -  '       
4.   
1.  (  )
         ,       
 ,       
2. 
           
3. 
,     ,  ,      
4.  
           
5.    
1.       ,     
2.            
3.       
4.       , 
       
5.   '  , 
        
    
6.    , 
      '  
 

                , 
                   ,
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      -  
 ,     
     
          , 
      
      ,     
()         
:         ,     
      ,          
             
:     
                
  :
1.   (  )
2.   (   )
3.   (  )
               

 
  
1.     
o      
 ,       

o          
 
2.  
o             (
    )
o    ( )  (  )
     
o  ,  
      ,    
    
      
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3.    
o          ,   
 
o              
4.      
o           
   
o             
5.   
o      ,       - 
      
o   ,       
6.     
o         ,     
    
o          
 :    
  ,   
       ,     
     ,       
   
      :
1.   (HCl)-          
 
 
2. -      
3. -         
4.  -  12   
 
   
1.   
o       (HCl)   
           
33
2
o            

2.  
o      ,        
    
o    
         
     
o  ,  
, ,      ,   
    
3.     
o HCl         , 
       
o   ,      

4.      
o       
,     
           
5.    12     
o       ,     12 (   
  )    
 
o        ,   
6.       
o     ,     '    
 
o             
o      
,       
           
1.  
o               

2.  
o           
34
2
o    -         ,  
      
- 
       -   :
            
     ,         
    
              
      ,          
        

           ,    
       ,       ,
  ,           ,   

                 
 -
7.              
      
:       
-
                   ,
               
   
            
                
      
 
    
         :
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1. 
              , 
           
      
              
 
               
   
     
   -     

   
            
    
 
2. 
              
  
    ,   ,         
       , ,     
     
      ,       

             
 
          
 
3.  ( )
       
                
     
          
 
          
    
             :
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


 
 
  
  
  
  
    
  
         -     :
1. 
        :
      
 
 
    :  
     

 ,           
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2. 
         -        
:



  :  
    ,     
    ,   
    
3.  
         :
        
  
              
:  
  ,         
  
 
4. 
  
   -       :
  '    , 
  '    ,    
-   
5.   
       '         
       ,    
  :  
       '        
6.   
          '     
       :  ,     
         
7.   
    '             

,             :    ' 
    ,              
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      
  ,   ,        
          
    ,  
       
 
     
  '      
      
       
        
       
      
      

                  

 ,   ,   -     
               
               
       , 
      
      
8.               
          
:   :     
        
 ,      
        ()        
    
        
1.   
          ()      
    
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2.   
          
    
:
  ()-      
 ())             
-           
   ()-   ,      
  ,       
   ()-     
   
   
 (  )    
         , 
      
 
  
      ,            
      :
1.   - ,    ()    
2.  -     ,       
3.  -      
4. -            
5.   -         follicle    
      
  
     :
1.    ()
     ()    
 ,            
 
 45-50     -,     
40
2
2.  
      :
 -            
    
 -           
 
-      
     
    ,     :
 " "        ,    
   
 " "    (  )     
             
           " "

              

             
  
              
            
:           ( )      
         , 
         